vault cheatsheet - https://github.com/punitporwal07/hashicorp-vault/blob/main/cheatsheet.md
CONFIG
create CONF file /etc/vault/vault.conf
backend "file" {
path = "vault"
} listener "tcp" {
address = "0.0.0.0:8200"
tls_disable = 1 }
* path refers to the path on your OS, so here it will be /vault
* bind the listener address to 0.0.0.0 not 127.0.0.1, otherwise you wont be able to authenticate from other machines
export VAULT_ADDR=http://127.0.0.1:8200
or add to your ENV file /etc/vault/vault_env,
export VAULT_ADDR=http://127.0.0.1:8200
export VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY=66JulX5NeL2z0xPjNFqOnCKQh3WHIYCc0nlPYZawRtU=
export VAULT_ROOT_TOKEN=39dafbec-0631-09e3-293e-231dcdd0a3a9
source vault_env
START/STOP
start an unsealed DEV test server (you will be authenticated in as root automatically)
vault server -dev
start a normal server
vault server -config /etc/vault/vault.conf &
Stop vault server
ps -ef | grep "vault server" | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}' | xargs kill -9
or use a Service script
INIT
This initializes Vault with 1 key and 1 threshold (only 1 key is needed to unseal or open the vault). For more secure implementation, use multiple keys and have a threshold of at least 2, meaning you need at least 2 keys provided to open the vault
cmd
vault operator init -key-shares=1 -key-threshold=1 -tls-skip-verify
curl
curl -X PUT -d "{\"secret_shares\":1, \"secret_threshold\":1}" http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/init
{
"keys":["8d8e174384b37456198d1803f4a72b6370d855ff9f8f426b48b88c9750b37381"],
"keys_base64":["jY4XQ4SzdFYZjRgD9KcrY3DYVf+fj0JrSLiMl1Czc4E="],
"root_token":"ac36e083-cd31-3f2c-5f0d-d6dd29fb4ae9"
}
export ENV
export VAULT_ROOT_TOKEN=ac36e083-cd31-3f2c-5f0d-d6dd29fb4ae9
export VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY=8d8e174384b37456198d1803f4a72b6370d855ff9f8f426b48b88c9750b37381
or add VAULT_ROOT_TOKEN, VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY to your ~/.bashrc
check Status
cmd
vault status
RE-INIT UNSEAL KEYS
If you need to re-init vault (and generate new unseal keys), delete the local backend storage, so if your vault.conf is
path = "vault"
run
rm -rf /vault
then start, stop vault service, run init again
UNSEAL
Before adding any passwords, unseal the vault using the Unseal Key from above step. Unsealing makes Vault available for operations, it should only be sealed in event of a breach.
unseal Vault
cmd
vault operator unseal $VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY
curl
curl -X PUT -d '{"key": "8d8e174384b37456198d1803f4a72b6370d855ff9f8f426b48b88c9750b37381"}' http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/unseal
{"sealed":false,"t":1,"n":1,"progress":0,"nonce":"","version":"0.6.5","cluster_name":"vault-cluster-b47dfa63","cluster_id":"abbb17c0-faad-e0b8-8dc1-8bd2db93e39b"}
check seal/unseal status
curl
curl -X GET -H "X-Vault-Token:$VAULT_ROOT_TOKEN" http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/seal-status
Seal the vault (will remove Master key)
cmd
curl
curl -X PUT -H "X-Vault-Token:$VAULT_ROOT_TOKEN" http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/seal
AUTHENTICATE
if using cmd line, you need to authenticate. If using CURL, dont need to authenticate, just pass your auth token
Auth into Vault
cmd
vault login $VAULT_ROOT_TOKEN
curl
automatically provided as -H "X-Vault-Token:$VAULT_ROOT_TOKEN"
User Management
create new user
curl \ --header "X-Vault-Token:$VAULT_ROOT_TOKEN" \ --request POST \ --data {"password": "superSecretPassword","policies": "admin,default"} \ $VAULT_ADDR/v1/auth/userpass/users/mreider
show user's properties
curl --header "X-Vault-Token: $VAULT_ROOT_TOKEN" $VAULT_ADDR/v1/auth/userpass/users/mreider
{"request_id":"63da2f69-96ad-d4ee-7279-dd8d5d976f10","lease_id":"","renewable":false,"lease_duration":0,"data":{"bound_cidrs":[],"max_ttl":0,"policies":["mreider","user_default"],"ttl":0},"wrap_info":null,"warnings":null,"auth":null}
update users password
$ curl \ --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \ --request POST \ --data { "password": "superSecretPassword2"} \
http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/auth/userpass/users/mitchellh/password
create a new token for a user "lonestar",
vault token create --display-name=lonestar
update user with a policy
vault write auth/userpass/users/mreider policies="mreider"
SECRETS
Backend or a Mount is a file system that Vault uses to store information. Secrets is a generic backend.
Write a secret
cmd
vault write secret/users password=a341xr09
curl
curl -X POST -H "X-Vault-Token:$VAULT_TOKEN" -d '{"password":"a341xr09"}' http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/users
write multiple values
vault write secret/users name=joe lastname=smith age=39
write a JSON structure as a secret (from a JSON file)
cmd
vault write secret/apps/maestro @/opt/maestro/config.dev.json
curl
curl -X POST -H "X-Vault-Token:$VAULT_TOKEN" -d '@config.dev.json' http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/apps/maestro
read secret
vault read secret/users
read secret in JSON, use 'jq' to parse JSON output
vault read -format=json secret/users | jq .data.password
show all keys in secret data
curl -X GET -H "X-Vault-Token:$VAULT_TOKEN" -X LIST http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/apps/
show secrets for a key, will dump out a JSON object
curl -X GET -H "X-Vault-Token:$TEMP_TOKEN" http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/apps/maestro
read secret in JSON, use python to parse JSON output
vault read -format=json secret/users | python -c 'import sys,json; print json.load(sys.stdin)["data"]["password"]'
show all secret keys
vault list secret
delete secret
vault delete secret/users
if this doesnt work, delete from OS path (if backend=File)
rm -rf /vault/logical/GUID
Wrap/Unwrap tokens
This example shows how to create a secret token to access and get configuration data from a JSON file, then wrapping that secret token into a temporary WRAP token. The WRAP token is then given out to the customer (human or application) to be used to get into Vault, unwrap the Secret token, and use the Secret token to unlock the JSON config secret data.
Create a MAESTRO (or your App name) Token
vault token create --display-name "maestro"
token: ce61c443-e602-496e-dbb7-5fbe3921fc95
curl
curl --header "X-Vault-Token: $VAULT_ROOT_TOKEN" --request POST --data '{"display-name":"maestro"}' http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/auth/token/create
Export the token
export MAESTRO_TOKEN=ce61c443-e602-496e-dbb7-5fbe3921fc95
Write a secret to a path, in this case its a JSON config file with passwords in it,
vault write secret/apps/maestro @/opt/maestro/config.dev.json
test getting the JSON output using MAESTRO_TOKEN
curl
curl -X GET -H "X-Vault-Token:$MAESTRO_TOKEN" http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/secret/apps/maestro
should get a JSON dump. This confirms MAESTRO token is working.
Create a Wrapper Token that will Wrap around MAESTRO_TOKEN,
vault write sys/wrapping/wrap -wrap-ttl=60 token=$MAESTRO_TOKEN
token: 7d791fa1-6157-c641-fddd-ca0eeba0505c (set to 60 min lifetime, only valid for 5 min by default)
curl
curl --header "X-Vault-Token: $VAULT_ROOT_TOKEN" --header "X-Vault-Wrap-TTL: 60" --request POST --data "{\"token\":\"${MAESTRO_TOKEN}\"}" http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/wrapping/wrap
export WRAP_TOKEN=7d791fa1-6157-c641-fddd-ca0eeba0505c
Send the WRAP token to the customer
Customer unwraps the MAESTRO token using the WRAP token
vault unwrap 7d791fa1-6157-c641-fddd-ca0eeba0505c
2018/04/12 11:00:03.596305 [INFO ] expiration: revoked lease: lease_id=sys/wrapping/wrap/aff6ad7fdd4be451bab07b98c566af150efc4817
Key Value
--- -----
token ce61c443-e602-496e-dbb7-5fbe3921fc95 (MAESTRO token!)
curl
curl -X POST -H "X-Vault-Token:$WRAP_TOKEN" http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/wrapping/unwrap
CUSTOM BACKEND & MOUNTS
custom backends can be created or 'mounted', using "Generic" type
vault mount -path myStuff -description="my secrets" generic
check mounts
vault mounts
Path Type Default TTL Max TTL Description
cubbyhole/ cubbyhole n/a n/a per-token private secret storage
myStuff/ generic system system my stuff
secret/ generic system system generic secret storage
sys/ system n/a n/a system endpoints used for control
write to your custom backend
vault write myStuff/info id=123 region=US rank=3
vault read myStuff/info
Key Value
--- -----
refresh_interval 768h0m0s
id 123
rank 3
region US
unmount your backend
vault unmount myStuff
ACL POLICY
(Access Control List)
Access control policies in Vault control what a user can access, these are the ultimate controllers of who can see what
for example
path "secret/jira/password" {
policy = "read"
}
only allows a read on the password, to whoever is accessing it
create new file called dev.hcl
name = "dev"
path "secret/*" {
policy = "write"
}
path "myCorp/projectA/database/password" {
policy = "read"
}
path "auth/token/lookup-self" {
policy = "read"
}
write the policy
cmd
vault policy write mypolicy ACL.hcl
you policy is now written in-memory
see all written policies
cmd
vault policy list
curl
curl -X GET -H "X-Vault-Token:$VAULT_ROOT_TOKEN" http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/policy
{"keys":["master","default","acl","root"],"policies":["mypolicy","default","acl","root"],"request_id":"d557373c-962c-e86b-3089-d7671c03c54f","lease_id":"","renewable":false,"lease_duration":0,"data":{"keys":["mypolicy","default","acl","root"],"policies":["mypolicy","acl","root"]},"wrap_info":null,"warnings":null,"auth":null}
see your specific policy
cmd
vault policy read mypolicy
path "secret/*" {
policy = "write"
}
path "secret/projectA/database/password" {
policy = "read"
}
path "auth/token/lookup-self" {
policy = "read"
}
AUTH BACKEND - TOKENS
create a token
vault token create
Key Value
--- -----
token e032a2fd-8c25-1746-f5b6-ef7497d5ed65
token_accessor 7ec939a8-ae11-4ebe-5bba-facf97066167
token_duration 0s
token_renewable false
token_policies [root]
create token for specific policy
vault token create -policy=myPolicy
create time-based token for specific policy, can only use it 3 times, then it self-destructs
vault token create -policy=maestro -period=120m -use-limit=3
Key Value
--- -----
token 7eb6c3d4-a396-8c6f-bca4-0ba5aca53df9
token_accessor 90aac38c-a4a3-8983-b5b5-f11313b0f7f3
token_duration 2h
token_renewable true
token_policies [default maestro]
revoke a token
vault token revoke
authenticate with token (only for cmd line)
vault auth 0e2b4e8e-e15d-c2b0-1354-2546ce42fde7
revoke all tokens for a secret
vault revoke -prefix secret/users/password
lookup current token info
vault token-lookup
generate a new ROOT token (root tokens never expire and have access to everything)
unseal Vault
generate 1 time password
vault generate-root -genotp
OTP: qIoKVrKsaLOzBqYTxX1r0A==
get encoded root token
vault generate-root -otp qIoKVrKsaLOzBqYTxX1r0A==
2017/03/16 13:43:20.166090 [INFO ] core: root generation initialized: nonce=bff2360c-9366-2385-dc15-fc842a0a83a5
Root generation operation nonce: bff2360c-9366-2385-dc15-fc842a0a83a5
Key(will be hidden): provide $VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY here
2017/03/16 13:51:13.114477 [INFO ] core: root generation finished: nonce=bff2360c-9366-2385-dc15-fc842a0a83a5
Nonce: bff2360c-9366-2385-dc15-fc842a0a83a5
Started: true
Rekey Progress: 1
Required Keys: 1
Complete: true
Encoded root token: JilLZtsUVHzwUHU2rMMcvg==
decode encoded root token
vault generate-root -otp qIoKVrKsaLOzBqYTxX1r0A== -decode=JilLZtsUVHzwUHU2rMMcvg==
Root token: 8ea34130-69b8-3ccf-4356-d32569be776e
AUTH BACKEND - AppRoles
check available auth methods
cmd
vault auth -methods
enable approle
cmd
vault auth-enable approle
curl
curl -X POST -H "X-Vault-Token:$ROOT_VAULT_TOKEN" -d '{"type":"approle"}' http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/auth/approle
create AppRole
cmd
vault write -f auth/approle/role/nyc-admins
curl
curl -X POST -H "X-Vault-Token:$ROOT_VAULT_TOKEN" -d '{"policies":"dev-policy,test-policy"}' http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/auth/approle/role/testrole
get Role ID
cmd
vault read auth/approle/role/testrole/role-id
curl
curl -X GET -H "X-Vault-Token:$ROOT_VAULT_TOKEN" http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/auth/approle/role/testrole/role-id | jq .
get Secret ID for role
cmd
vault write -f auth/approle/role/testrole/secret-id
curl
curl -X POST -H "X-Vault-Token:$VAULT_TOKEN" http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/auth/approle/role/testrole/secret-id | jq .
get Token via Role
login with Role
cmd
vault write auth/approle/login role_id=ROLE_ID secret_id=SECRET_ID
curl
curl -X POST \ -d '{"role_id":"988a9dfd-ea69-4a53-6cb6-9d6b86474bba","secret_id":"37b74931-c4cd-d49a-9246-ccc62d682a25"}' \ http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/auth/approle/login | jq .
EXAMPLE
get MYSQL passwords making calls from another machine
create policy 'mysql'
mysql.hcl
path "sys/*" {
policy = "deny"
}
path "my_corp/mysql/*" {
policy = "read"
}
create role called 'nyc-admins'
vault write -f auth/approle/role/nyc-admins
associate Role to a set of policies
vault write auth/approle/role/nyc-admins policies=mysql, devs
get the Role ID of the role
vault read auth/approle/role/nyc-admins/role-id
Key Value
--- -----
role_id ca1dbec4-37f1-61a2-8a83-87a3d980d8b9
get a Secret ID for the role
vault write -f auth/approle/role/nyc-admins/secret-id
Key Value
--- -----
secret_id 445f6eab-4207-a45b-b6b8-a3e86f128fcc
secret_id_accessor c7da2183-3d68-31c6-70ef-b0d9081e6ceb
get a token cred for this role
vault write auth/approle/login role_id=ca1dbec4-37f1-61a2-8a83-87a3d980d8b9 secret_id=445f6eab-4207-a45b-b6b8-a3e86f128fcc
save it as $VAULT_TOKEN
from machine123, get the credentials for mysql
curl -X GET -H "X-Vault-Token:$VAULT_TOKEN" http://<IP of Vault Server>:8200/v1/secrets/mysql
{"request_id":"18b7ed7b-d349-6132-3ea4-20e4dbd6d9a5","lease_id":"","renewable":false,"lease_duration":2764800,"data":{"pw":"abcdef","server":"mysql23.corp"},"wrap_info":null,"warnings":null,"auth":null}